Precise and active sail trim is the final-percentage difference in maximizing your boatspeed advantage on the racecourse. Harken’s new Zircon range of blocks use a ceramic race and ceramic ball bearings to achieve a better feel for a light-air trim and heavy-air efficiency. This is a true trimmer’s block, says Matt Schmidt, of Harken Inc., the global leader in performance sailboat hardware. After months of R&D, world champion sailor Ravi Parent confirms his Zircons make him faster and shares how he integrates Zircon blocks into the precision sail-trim systems of his high-performance crafts. For more information about the Zircon blocks, visit harken.com/zircon.

About Harken

The real fuel behind a company’s success is its people.

Peter and Olaf Harken recognized this basic business principle over 50 years ago when starting Harken/Vanguard in the snow and corn country of southeastern Wisconsin. Since those early days, Harken has grown from a backyard dream of two brothers to a global reality with offices and distributors around the world. Harken gear dominates events like the America’s Cup, the Ocean Race, the Maxi Worlds, Super Yacht events worldwide, the Olympics and one-design championships everywhere, with blocks, travelers, deck hardware, winches, and hydraulics.

The Harken story has been full of twists, turns, successes, and reinventions, but through it all the goal of challenging the status quo and commitment to excellence has always remained the same.

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Triple-headed sail ­inventories are becoming more popular these days, but the question is, does this setup actually make your boat go faster or simply add more complexity? I remember not too many years ago during a race when someone suggested we hoist the staysail and see if we picked up half a knot of boatspeed. We did, and then after a while everyone was convinced we should take the staysail down. We did, and what do you know? We picked up half a knot. At the time, I guess we really didn’t have the right answer, but we sure had a lot of opinions. Fortunately, with today’s technology we have data to back up what sail ­selection is fastest.

Last year, the team on Andrew Clark’s J/122 Zig Zag wanted to develop a sail inventory specifically for the Newport Bermuda Race. Clark reached out to me, looking for a sail package that would give Zig Zag the best solution to win. Throwing a bunch of sails at the problem wasn’t the solution because there are many factors that can influence the decision on the ideal sail inventory—rating rules, anticipated wind conditions, number of sails and weight.

The first thing we did was look at the historical conditions of the Bermuda Race and determine the percentages we would spend sailing at each wind angle and wind strength. Typically, the Bermuda Race is slightly lighter, with a lot of conditions changing as you enter the Gulf Stream. This told us we had to make sure we had all our bases covered.

The second element we looked at was the number of sails and the total weight of the inventory. If we can reduce the number of sail changes during a race, the less time we can spend sailing below target speeds. Sail changes are costly, and if there is a chance to reduce the number of changes without giving up performance, that needs to be factored into the equation.

The third element is the rating rule. Every rule is different, and special attention needs to be taken to evaluate sail size and the type of sail entered for the certificate. Some rating rules allow you to submit a test certificate to see how the changes affect the rating.

The last element is the quiver of sails that will make up the inventory and be applied to the rating certificate. This step is where the project team looks at everything, weighs the pros and cons, and comes up with a solid inventory of sails that it can then use to build a polar chart specific to the J/122 and the selected set of sails.

After a sail-configuration analysis, the team at Evolution Sails recommended a triple-headed reaching setup that would increase reaching speeds based on the current sail configuration Zig Zag was already using. The triple-headed setup includes a J Zero, jib and gennaker staysail. The J Zero is designed to be a smaller and flatter sail than the traditional larger Code Zero. It’s flown off the bowsprit with a furler and is also referred to as a flying jib. The gennaker staysail is a flat and smaller sail that fits in between the jib and the mast. With the J Zero deployed on the bow pole, the jib can be flown off the forestay as it always is, and then the gennaker staysail is set up between the forestay and mast trimmed inside the jib.

This setup improves the performance better than the traditional inventory options. What we found in previous sail inventories is that tight-­reaching configurations consisted of a jib and a gennaker staysail. An additional sail that was historically designed for reaching was the Jib Top, which is a high-clew jib that can be trimmed easier on a reach than a standard jib.

Once the sails were designed, built and delivered, the hard work of sail testing began. The goal here was to build a polar table and sail chart that would guide us through which sail we should have up in specific ­conditions. Polars are calculated speed versus wind angles that take sail inventory into consideration and can be found from the manufacturer for most boats. What the manufactured polars don’t consider, however, is the sail inventory itself.

The best way to create polars, of course, is by sailing the boat with the sail configurations. Zig Zag uses Expedition software to log actual performance versus the calculated polars the design team compiled. We were able to correct the performance of each sail and configuration, and edit the tables in Expedition to help guide us through the race. We then updated the polars and created a sail chart that showed which sail should be used based on specific wind angles and windspeeds. This process takes time and practice. You need to sail the boat in many sail configurations at each wind angle to find the ideal setup. Zig Zag did several practice days with the triple-headed arrangement in order to log the speed performance versus other configurations.

Expedition software is one of the best sailing software tools on the market. It does an unbelievable job with navigating, but it also helps develop the polars and sail configurations. To have good data from Expedition, however, the electronics on the boat must be calibrated properly. This is the most difficult part of the equation because it is very complex to get accurate. If the data that feeds Expedition is not accurate, the sail and polar analysis will not be accurate. Having a dedicated person who knows the instruments and can calibrate them on an ongoing basis is a key element to have a successful program. With accurate data and a lot of sail testing, Expedition creates data files called strip files. These files contain the data to analyze and also can be sent to a third-party analyst to do the comparison.

Once we were ready to race with an Expedition update and the forecast in hand, we could see which sails we were projected to use throughout the race. This gave us an overall idea of when sail changes needed to happen and which sails we would be looking at using next based on the forecasted wind models.

How do we configure the foredeck to handle all these sails? The pole length is fixed and the forestay is fixed, so those two points are easy. The location for the gennaker staysail forestay is what we needed to figure out. When we looked at the J/122, we needed a mast attachment point and a deck point. We wanted to set the gennaker staysail forestay about two-thirds forward between the forestay and mast, which would allow it to fit between the jib and mainsail, with the leech of the sail just touching the lower shroud.

Once we found that point, we added a soft-shackle attachment point into the deck and an attachment point on the mast near the top set of spreaders.

With all three flying, the jib could be trimmed off a barber-hauler sheet and the primary jib sheet depending on the wind angle. The J Zero is trimmed to an outboard sheet, and the gennaker staysail is trimmed to a cabin-top attachment point that we installed on top of the turning blocks, which gave it the right trimming angle. For different types of boats, you will need to sit down with the sail design team and look at all these issues to be able to design the gennaker staysail and J Zero to fit and be trimmed properly.

Going to the triple-headed sail configuration helped the Zig Zag team improve the overall performance of the boat based on the data analysis. For future races and practices, we will continue to evaluate and tune the numbers to help improve the overall base-line polars. This is an iterative process, and it’s what makes sailboat racing so dynamic and a huge passion for many people. And as for the Bermuda Race results? Team Zig Zag finished first in its division and second overall.

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Headstay Tension

Let’s start with headstay sag, which creates power in the headsail. In light air, a softer headstay powers up the sail by making it fuller. When it’s windy, a tighter headstay reduces power as it pulls draft out of the sail. And then there’s everything between those extremes. There are three primary ways to affect headstay sag—backstay, rig tension and mainsheet tension. The backstay is the most effective and often easiest to adjust of the three. An added bonus is the backstay also bends the mast, flattening the main. This helps keep the boat well-balanced. As puffs and lulls affect the sail plan, the backstay keeps both sails powered or depowered together.

The second option, for boats with aft-swept spreaders, is rig tension. By tightening the shrouds, you increase ­tension on the forestay. Generally speaking, given a fixed amount of backstay tension, tightening the shrouds creates more headstay tension. This is helpful if the mainsail is already flat and you don’t want to add more backstay, which might invert the main. Definitely check with your spar manufacturer or one-design guide about maximum shroud tension because it can add a lot of compression and load to the mast. Loosening the shrouds has the opposite effect, adding headstay sag.

The third option, mainly for smaller boats, is mainsheet tension. While its effect is different from boat to boat, mainsheet tension tightens or loosens the leech of the main, which in turn acts like a backstay—more mainsheet tension, more leech tension, less headstay sag.

As the headstay sags, draft gets deeper and moves forward because the sagging headstay puts shape in the front of the jib first. While a slightly deeper jib or genoa is often faster in light air, extreme forward draft is often not the solution when you need power. Enter halyard tension. As you sag the ­headstay, ease halyard tension, and the draft will shift aft. As you tension the headstay, pull the draft forward by ­tightening the halyard.

Until the boat is under­powered, headstay sag helps the boat point higher. That is in part due to the angle of attack. Imagine a straight line drawn halfway up the sail from luff to leech. As you sail upwind with a tight headstay, that line is, for example, 20 degrees off centerline to your boat. The wind flows over the boat and the sails are happy at this hypothetical position. As you sag the forestay, the front of the sail moves to leeward. That same imaginary line is now 15 degrees off centerline. Without factoring in other variables, your boat can now head up 5 degrees to keep the sail at the same angle to the wind.

While different boats seem to handle headstay sag differently, there are some common ways to determine if it is too much or too little. When it is windy and the boat is overpowered, too much sag can result in a lack of pointing. The jib is full because of the sag, and that pulls the bow to leeward. To make matters worse, if overpowered, the mainsail trimmer has likely depowered the mainsail. This compounds the problem of the sideways pull on the sail plan. A great coach of mine would often refer to this as “front loading” (or “back loading”) the sail plan. If you are front-loaded (powerful jib and depowered main), the boat will sail a little sideways upwind, resulting in lack of pointing. Lee helm is a sign of this.

Another key visual of ­excessive headstay sag is when the leech of the jib or genoa “returns,” or angles to windward, up into the mainsail. Trimming the leech close to parallel to the boat’s centerline is often fastest until it is very windy. If the leech returns into the back of the mainsail, it could be a sign that the headstay needs to be tightened. If the leech still returns into the back of the main after the headstay is visually tight, ease the sheet or move the lead aft. At the opposite end of the spectrum, if you’re too tight on the forestay, the boat will feel underpowered or lack pointing ability in light air, which takes us back to the earlier discussion about angle of attack.

When the boat is too flat and underpowered, and crew hiking isn’t needed, I carry as much headstay sag as I can without feeling that the jib leech is returning into the main, the headstay is becoming unstable due to chop or sea state, or the headsail’s draft is too far forward. In light air with a lot of headstay sag, often I ease the sheet slightly so that the leech doesn’t return into the main.

As the wind builds and the crew start hiking, I slowly reduce headstay sag. When everyone is fully hiking and the trimmers are looking to depower to reduce heel, I’ll be near maximum headstay tightness. From the trimmer’s position, the headstay will look nearly straight to the eye. What is maximum tightness? That’s when the backstay tightens to the point where the headstay is firm and the mainsail is too flat and starts to look like it is inside out. Sensors that measure headstay load can be helpful in knowing the load you are at and to confirm you aren’t loading above a manufacturer’s recommended safe working load.

Jib Halyard Tension

Halyard tension primarily ­controls the draft position of your headsail. A tighter halyard pulls the draft forward, while a looser halyard lets the draft aft. In general, most boats like the draft between 29 and 34 percent through the middle of the sail. Imagine a straight line from the leading edge of the draft stripe to the trailing edge of the draft stripe. A point on the draft stripe (think deepest part of the curve) is farthest from that imaginary line. This is your draft location. When we say draft at 30 percent, we’re saying that the deepest part of the draft stripe is 30 percent back from the luff to the leech on the sail. While we don’t see it often, marks on the draft stripe at 25, 30 and 35 percent can be helpful.

Two primary factors affect draft position, and thus how much halyard is needed to correct it. First and most important is headstay sag, discussed previously. As a headstay sags, it pushes depth into the front of the sail. Ease the halyard and you can get the draft back to the desired location. Inversely, if the headstay is tight and the shape in the front of the sail is pulled out, a tight halyard pulls the draft forward to the desired location. That’s why having good reference marks on halyards is so important. At a leeward mark, if the pit person puts the halyard back where it was at the weather mark, your draft location should be the same.

The second factor is the age of the sail. As a sail ages, the draft naturally goes aft. New sails have the draft quite forward, and thus require less halyard tension to achieve the desired draft location. The opposite is also true. As a sail ages and the draft slides aft, more and more halyard tension is required to pull the draft forward.

Once you understand how the halyard changes draft position, you can fine-tune the sail shape. What’s cool is as you pull halyard tension on and pull the draft forward in the sail, the aft part of the sail gets flatter. That causes less drag when overpowered. Likewise, when underpowered, less halyard tension makes the back part of the sail slightly fuller, which powers the boat up—great for light air and flat water. Now you can point high without fear of hitting a wave and slowing. It’s trickier in choppy conditions. Then, when powered up, a draft-forward sail helps drive the boat through the chop. In underpowered, choppy conditions, the sheet is likely eased a little to keep the boat going, and thus a softer halyard keeps the boat powered up, pulling it through the chop.

Jib Lead Position

Now let’s talk about lead ­position, which controls the overall camber of your headsail. While it does have an effect on the entire sail, it is most noticeable in the bottom 50 percent. Lead forward creates a fuller, more powerful headsail while lead aft flattens the headsail.

As a general rule, most boats prefer the camber between 11 and 15 percent through the middle and lower middle of the sail. Imagine a straight line from the leading edge of your draft stripe to the trailing edge of your draft stripe. A point on the draft stripe (think deepest part of the curve) is farthest from the imaginary line. This, like your draft location, is also your camber. We divide the length of the imaginary line connecting the front and back of the draft stripe by the length of the imaginary line connecting the deepest part of the sail to the closest spot on the imaginary line. When we say camber at 15 percent, we’re saying that the deepest part of the draft stripe is 15 percent of the overall length of the imaginary line connecting the front of the stripe to the back of the stripe.

While other factors affect the camber of a headsail, such as headstay sag, halyard tension, battens and the age of the sail, the lead has the greatest effect over the bottom of the sail. As you push the lead forward, the bottom of the sail becomes more powerful but also ­creates drag because the wind has to bend around the sail as it passes by. As you pull the lead aft, the bottom of the sail ­flattens, reducing drag but also decreasing power.

A large part of the ­headsail’s lead position is balancing the overall camber of the sail while keeping the telltales breaking close to even. Why do I say close? I believe it is a bit of a myth that they should break evenly. Aboard every fast boat I sail on, the top telltales break just a hair sooner than the lower ones. This is especially true when the boat is fully ­powered up with crew hiking. A slightly twisted open sail ­promotes full flow on the leech telltales while depowering the top of the sail first, which helps righting moment.

As I mentioned before, the age of the sail can result in an overly full sail. As a sail ages, it often requires a flatter foot to maintain a consistent camber. And, as with most things in life, balance is required. If a sagging forestay creates too much camber, lead aft can help. I find that balancing all of these controls is the key to fast sail shapes. Too much of one thing resulting in not enough of another can be slow.

Let’s look at when you want a full versus a flat-footed sail. Because it is a major control of overall power, is it safe to say that the more overpowered you are, the flatter you want your jib. When looking for power, a fuller jib is generally better to a point. If it is choppy and the driver must steer lower to keep the boat moving, a fuller jib will generally help keep the bow down and the boat powerful. In flat water, when powered up without fear that the boat will hit chop and slow down, the foot can be relatively flat and the jib sheeted hard to decrease drag and help ­pointing ability.

Jib Sheet Tension

While sheet tension might seem like the easiest part to understand when trimming a headsail, it can be the hardest to master. And while it has minimal effect on draft location, it can have a great effect on overall camber, balance of the boat and helm, and pointing ability.

Taking away other factors, when you ease a headsail sheet, the bottom of the sail gets fuller, while the top of the sail twists open and naturally gets flatter. As with lead position, a significant part of good headsail sheet tension is balancing the overall camber of the entire sail while keeping the telltales breaking close to even.

One factor when ­determining how hard to sheet the jib is backwind in the mainsail. In general, backwinding the mainsail is bad when it can be helped, and easing the sheet a little can really help settle down a luffing mainsail. As a headsail trimmer, I look for a bubble developing at the leading edge of the main, generally around a third up from the bottom of the sail. A slight bubble is often fine, but when the bubble starts “pumping” or the mainsail full-on luffs from front to back, I ease the sheet a little or let the jib lead aft to open up the leech.

Airflow across the sail is just as important, and the go-to indicator on nonoverlapping jibs is leech telltales. While we generally don’t see leech telltales on larger overlapping headsails, perhaps it would be a good thing to start doing. Leech telltale flow is critical for smaller boats because we generally try to sheet as hard as we can without stalling them. By sheeting the headsail tight, we allow the boat to point as high into the wind as it can. I watch the upper leech telltales like a hawk. While mainsails seem to be OK with a little stall in the top telltale, I find that headsails enjoy 100 percent flow. I will often test my sheet tension by sheeting harder until the ­telltales start to stall behind the leech, and then ease it slightly until they fly again. When we’re in a tactical situation that requires sailing a little higher and slower, I will occasionally sheet hard enough that the top leech telltale stalls 10 percent of the time, but never more. These changes are always subtle. On a boat like an Etchells, I’ll move the clew through a range of 3 to 5 millimeters. On a larger boat such as a 50-footer, 8 to 12 millimeters would be a decent range.

We’ve got headstay sag, halyard tension, lead position and sheet tension. None of these functions in isolation. Adjust one and it affects something else.

Finally, with so many ­variables and adjustments, the jib leech tension changes a lot through puffs and lulls. In a lull, often the leech will get tighter because there is less wind stretching it out. This often requires a little ease. Of course, the opposite is true in a puff, and then I’ll bring the sail in a little. It’s vital to communicate with the tactician and driver. Within your final headsail settings, you have the capability to help the boat sail in three ­different modes: slightly higher and slower, slightly lower and faster, and normal velocity made good (VMG). For tactical reasons, the tactician or helms­person might want one of these modes.

OK, let’s put it all together now. We’ve got headstay sag, halyard tension, lead position and sheet tension. None of these functions in isolation. Adjust one and it affects something else. It’s a bit like juggling four balls—the only way you’ll keep them in the air is if you keep them in sync. Let’s sail a hypothetical windward leg, one where we encounter puffs and lulls, and have to account for the occasional tactical situation. Hopefully, by seeing how I manage those elements of jib control, you’ll have a better idea of how you can keep all the balls in the air and work toward perfect jib trim. For this windward leg, I’m ­sailing with the tactician, Steve, the helmsperson, Jim, and our wind caller, Serena.

First, we did our homework. We spent some time sailing upwind before the start, which gave me time to set up the jib as I liked for the conditions, around 8 knots and flat water. With that trim as my normal upwind VMG, we now have a baseline for everything else I’ll do with the jib.

At the start, I’m at 95 percent trim from my baseline. This means I’m close to maximum sheet tension. It’s good for accelerating at a start or out of a tack, or reaccelerating after hitting chop.

At the start, I’m at 95 percent trim from my baseline. This means I’m close to maximum sheet tension. It’s good for accelerating at a start or out of a tack, or reaccelerating after hitting chop. The boat’s moving well and we’re accelerating, as are the boats around us. After a boatlength or two, I feel the boat moving at full speed, so I pull in the sheet just a few more clicks and say, “Max trim” or “100 percent trim.” That tells Steve and Jim that we are trimmed for our best upwind VMG. How do I know this? The leech ­telltales are flowing 100 percent, but just barely. They are on the verge of stalling because they seem jittery rather than fully streaming. As it is only blowing 8 knots, I have set up the jib powerfully, with 3 to 4 inches of headstay sag, the lead set forward to allow a fair amount of power down low, and slight wrinkles in the luff, allowing the draft to slide back to around 30 percent.

Steve starts talking about seeing more wind on the top left side of the course and says we should go fast forward to the left. As the headsail trimmer, I can help make that happen. It’s all simple, subtle changes. I ease the sheet a few millimeters to let the top leech telltales stream with force. If it was windier, I would pull the draft forward with more halyard. This would flatten the back and reduce drag, helping the boat go forward. However, because it is light and we are still looking for maximum power, I will leave the halyard soft. Combined with efforts from the main trimmer and driver, we shift to a low and fast mode.

As we get out to the left side, the wind starts building, as predicted, to 12 to 13 knots. We are fully powered up and hiking hard, but we’re heeling too much. It’s time to depower the headsail. Because the water is so flat, I ask for more backstay to pull out some forestay sag, and then slide the lead aft a hair. As the backstay tensions, I see the leech open slightly, so I pull on some sheet to get the leech right back where it was, with the top leech telltale flowing as before. I have also pulled on more halyard to get the draft forward to the 29 percent range.

We’re now solidly in the ­pressure, and Steve says we should go back to normal VMG. On comes the jib sheet to get the top leech telltales just on the verge of stalling. “Max trim,” I say. A minute or two shy of the layline, we tack onto port and work our way back into the ­middle of the course.

As we come out of the tack, I say “90 percent trim.” Just a few seconds later I say, “95 ­percent.” Seconds later I say, “99 percent.” I really want to make sure we are at full speed before getting to 100 percent, or max trim. As we get back to the center of the course, the wind becomes a little puffy. I’m constantly watching the leech to see if I need to sheet on or off as the leech changes slightly with the puffs. I’m moving the sheet through a range of just 5 to 10 millimeters. Serena calls that this next lull will last at least a minute or longer, so I power the jib up a little with a softer halyard.

As we get closer to the mark, a competitor tacks in front of us and slightly to leeward. Steve says he would prefer not to tack. To keep our air clear for as long as possible, it’s time for a high mode. We’re still in that lull and not overpowered, so I call for a slight backstay ease. That sags the headstay a ­little, ­helping the sail’s angle of attack to the wind—all great for pointing. As the headstay sags a little, the leech telltales want to stall sooner, so I am vigilant about not overtrimming the sail. I know—it’s ­counterintuitive to have the sheet out a little when trying to sail in a high mode, but it’s important not to stall the jib. If the boat slows too much, the keel does less work, and we will start sliding to leeward. After the changes, we are higher and slower, and able to hold our lane.

The wind builds again, and Serena calls out that there is a chop ahead of us, mostly caused by competitors’ wakes, which are crisscrossing everywhere. A little draft forward in the jib will help us punch through the chop in the stronger wind, so I tighten the halyard a little, and the draft moves from 32 to 30 percent. As an unwanted side effect, the leech gets tighter because the halyard is pulling against the sheet. I can tell this because the leech telltales start stalling. I must either ease the sheet a little or let the lead move aft. If we’re looking for power to get through the waves but not to be overpowered, I generally just ease the sheet, which not only opens the leech but also powers up the bottom of the sail. However, right now we are fully powered up, so a little lead aft opens the top of the leech back up, depowering the sail a little. We’re now just boatlengths from the weather mark.

We don’t always run into that many different conditions, but for our purposes, I threw them in so you could see the range of my trimming routine. I try to remember that headsail shape always needs to change based on changing conditions and tactical decisions. I imagine a perfect shape—how I want the jib to look in each condition—and then use the four controls to achieve that. And I’m always anticipating, constantly asking myself what my next change will be if this happened or that happens. I listen to our crew calling puffs and stay ready with a change before the boat slows or heels too much.

One change often affects another part of this hypothetical shape and, as I emphasized earlier, multiple changes often go together. If you can manage that while staying on the same page as the rest of the crew about what mode you need to be in, you’ll go a long way toward keeping the jib optimally trimmed the entire weather leg.

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It’s good to have rules of thumb to help you sail the boat as fast as possible in all conditions. Such guidelines can help the skipper drive their best and give the crew a common purpose in how they react to changes in wind. One distinction that can help you increase speed is to identify if you should be telltale or heel-angle sailing. In lighter winds, telltale sailing is appropriate—the skipper works hard to stream the telltales at all times for maximum speed, and the crew moves around to create perfect heel. In overpowered heel-angle ­sailing conditions, the skipper can steer much more freely, focusing on a consistent heel angle while the crew hikes hard. In light air, it’s all about maintaining speed; in breeze, it’s all about the heel angle.

Underpowered Conditions

Here, the crew controls heel angle and the skipper sails exclusively to the telltales. The goal is to stream the telltales, setting up the boat for maximum speed. The heel angle is totally on the crew, and it’s best if someone can communicate the power in the boat—maybe the skipper or mainsheet trimmer—to help coordinate the team’s movements. If it’s really light, you might be heeling the boat a little extra to leeward, and just how much needs to be communicated to the crew so the boat feels as good as possible.

In these light conditions, the jib trimmer should be to leeward playing the jib. If shifts come or the skipper needs to sail deeper to gain speed, the jib trimmer is right there to trim or ease, depending on the situation. The main goals the skipper is trying to achieve are sailing straight and keeping max speed. To allow that to happen, the crew moves to keep the heel angle perfect while the jib trimmer adjusts the jib.

For example, if there’s a wave set coming, the jib trimmer eases the jib while you bear off slightly. The bow down and coinciding jib ease keep the telltales streaming. The same thing happens if the boat suddenly slows—bow down and jib out to keep the telltales streaming. If the boat starts to feel great and the skipper can head up, the jib trimmer trims the jib with the turn to keep the telltales streaming perfectly.

Going straight, as opposed to heading up in a puff, or bearing off to pick up speed really connects the wind to the jib. Ideally, it never stalls. Some people call it “pressing” or “sailing fat” on the jib. Either way, you’re creating power, and that’s where the boat feels best. If the leeward telltales start to luff, the jib trimmer eases the jib a little to make the telltales stream rather than having you heading up. If you head up for heel-angle sailing in light winds, you end up pinching, and it really slows the boat. In a small puff, it’s much faster if the crew hikes against that power while you continue to sail straight.

During this light-air mode, the crew should be fully focused on moving around to keep the boat at the desired heel. When a puff hits, they should move to the high side quickly and smoothly to keep the heel perfect, and when the breeze dies, they should slide in. A slow-moving crew encourages the skipper to head up in puffs and bear away in lulls, which wastes power in puffs and height in lulls, and reduces speed. A ­well-coordinated team in light air is very fast—skipper sailing fast, jib trimmer working the jib, and crew super-concentrated on the perfect heel. Because it’s fast to have the jib trimmer play in the jib in lighter winds, the first person off the rail in a dying breeze should be the jib trimmer. They are much more effective to leeward, with a ­perfect view of the jib.

Building Breeze

Now the crew is starting to get up on the rail. They’re not yet fully hiking, but everyone’s on the high side. You trim the sails in a bit, the jib trimmer is on the high side, and the jib is cleated. The boat’s feeling pretty good. Now you can start sailing a little more to heel angle, which means steering up a bit in the puffs. The main trimmer is in the loop here as well, helping the skipper keep the boat at the correct angle of heel.

Keep in mind that, if there’s chop or waves, the boat is reaccelerating all the time, so you might not be able to pinch so much in the puffs in these conditions. You might be telltale sailing still if it’s real bumpy, so when you get a puff, the crew should hike and trimmers should ease the main or depower in some other way, depending on your boat—traveler down, backstay off, whatever you’re playing to keep the boat on its feet and keep speed through the chop.

In flat water, it’s fine to head up in the puffs a little to keep the heel angle down, raising the forward inside jib telltales to 45 degrees or so. As a rule, head up just enough for a little telltale lift when needed and encourage the crew to hike hard. Briefly pinching buys you time to depower and get the crew hiking, all the while ­keeping the heel angle perfect.

Overpowered Conditions

This is true heel-angle sailing. The breeze has built to the point where everyone’s fully hiked, and you’re easing the main or dropping the traveler to keep a constant angle of heel. The crew has essentially become ballast, and they are hiking as hard as they can. As long as the boat’s moving at a decent speed, you can head up as much as you need to keep the boat flat. In a big breeze, you might even luff a foot or two of the front of the jib when a big puff hits until you get sorted with easing the main, tightening the backstay or whatever you’re doing to depower. You’re going so fast and having so much power (too much) that sailing that high is fine.

A few years ago, when I was sailing my Etchells—just my third regatta after buying it—the breeze quickly increased, and we were overpowered. I headed up to keep the boat from heeling too much, bubbling the front 6 inches of the jib, and my main trimmer said, “Awesome mode! We’re flying!” And I was thinking, “What? I’m waiting for you guys to depower the boat so I can put the bow back down.” But I looked around, and we were higher and faster than everybody. We experimented with flattening the main and getting the bow down to stream the telltales, but it was not quite as good. That day we learned a new mode—that we could luff the jib in breeze and we’d go just fine. The main point here, though, is that in heel-angle sailing, the skipper should steer up to avoid heeling.

If it’s breezy but the water is flat, you can pinch a little more because there are no waves to slow the boat. If you’re sailing in waves and pressing on the telltales to go faster, constantly trying to accelerate, watch for flat spots. Every surfer will tell you that waves come in sets and in different shapes and sizes. Even on wavy and choppy days, there will be 5- to 15-meter ­circular spots that are pretty flat. Some sailors call them plateaus. If you enter a plateau and get a puff, try to feather or pinch. In general, you’ll probably be able to sail little higher than when in the bumps. Just before the waves return, drop the bow down, depower, and go for speed. In those conditions, you’re shifting back and forth between slightly bow down and true heel-angle sailing based on waves or flat spots.

The art of driving well comes after you understand everything we’ve been talking about, but then throw in the presence of shifts. Steering well suddenly becomes a moving target as you try to keep the boat at the perfect angle to the wind and coinciding perfect heel while the wind is shifting.

When that’s the case, here’s a good rule of thumb: If a puff is approaching from directly in front of you, it will most likely be a header. If it’s coming from your windward side over your shoulder, it’s most likely a lift. Knowing this can help you drive and trim the sails more accurately when they hit. The goals—maintaining a constant angle of heel and good speed—are the same, and if you can follow the shifts up and down while accomplishing that, you can really sail away from the fleet. For example, you get a nice-size puff that overpowers the boat. Normally during heel-angle sailing, you would head up to keep the heel the same. But if the puff is a header, you continue steering straight, the front of the jib bubbles, and everything works out fine. The shift helped you pinch without having to steer.

Conversely, again in a big breeze, you get a big puff, and it’s a lift. You understand that in overpowered conditions, a puff that’s also a lift is really going to knock you over. That’s because all of the sudden you are tight reaching, the opposite of pinching. It’s as if you bore away in a big puff, causing the boat to heel more. Rather than getting knocked over, good teams will “burp” the sails an extra amount right from the start, and the skipper will start heading up quickly and steer more than normal. That will help avoid the excess heel angle. At that moment, the main trimmer must ease the main a lot, and if the jib trimmer can ease the jib as well, or maybe the inhauler, even better.

On a J/70, for example, the jib trimmer might be inhauling the jib by bow-stringing the windward sheet on the high side, pulling the clew toward the mast. In that lift and puff, easing the windward sheet moves the jib trim-angle outboard, similar to easing the leeward sheet but better because the jib does not increase camber. It’s like dropping the main traveler—the whole sail barn-doors out while keeping the same shape and depowering the boat, and also opening the slot between the main and jib. Once back to a pinching angle, retrim the sails, and off you go having avoided excess heel.

In a blustery breeze, you can make big gains by balancing the concepts of sailing by the telltales and sailing by heel angle, knowing what your desired angle to the wind is and then factoring in lifts and headers along the way. The goal is to keep your boat in the best state possible, knowing that you’ll never be perfect all the time. As a skipper, when I head out for a race in shifty conditions, I think: “I’m going to try to keep my boat and sails at the perfect angle to the wind more than everyone else. And if I can do that a higher percentage of the time, I’ll probably be the fastest boat out there.” Keep in mind the two steering modes, and you can too.

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Telltales are the most ­ubiquitous and simplest piece of equipment found on any sailboat, and even in this age of powerful race electronics, nothing is more reliable or true than these trusty yarns—or fabric strips—that serve as our guide to good sail trim. They’re an effective teaching tool for beginning racers, especially those on the headsails, so let’s focus on the basics of our jib telltales.

There are two fundamental uses of telltales: We can use them as guides to steer by, as the lower luff telltales indicate how the oncoming wind is interacting with the front of the jib, or we can use them to help us trim the jib more effectively, using the telltales at the upper luff of the sail, and especially the leech telltales.

It’s true that sailboat races can be won through fast sail trim and precision steering, and using the telltales effectively can help you do both. They let us see how the wind is interacting with the jib, which is the info we need to trim the sail right and to steer the boat to windward most efficiently.

Let’s start with some advice on placement. New sails come with telltales, and these are usually well-placed and an appropriate material. But I will often adjust the location slightly and sometimes add a few more to help fill in the picture of how the wind is flowing across both sides of the sail. Wool telltales that might come with a new sail tend to get snagged on the sail stitching, so applying a light coat of McLube on the sail can help prevent that from happening.

Luff telltales need to be a contrasting color, and it is good to have a different color on both sides of the sail. For most jib materials, using green for the starboard side and red for the port side works well. On black or darker-colored headsails, white telltales work best.

I like to have the port and starboard telltales offset slightly, with the starboard side about 1 inch higher than the port. I also like to use a row of three to five short telltales for the steering telltales because they provide a little more information about where the flow is attached to the front of the jib. For the other luff telltales, a single set per location is adequate. They should be placed 10 to 20 percent back from the luff.

For luff telltales, I prefer to use light-gauge wool for more sensitivity.

Leech telltales tell us how the wind is exiting the jib. In particular, they are key indicators of leech stall, when the jib is trimmed too tightly for the wind to travel around it. The leech telltales might need to be a heavier material because they take a beating when tacking. Put them 15 to 30 percent down from the head. Bright red is a good color that contrasts with the sky.

Now for the fun part—using your telltales to go faster. First, let’s discuss using them to set up the jib for the conditions. Essentially, the luff telltales show us the sail’s twist, and the leech telltales show us how tightly it is trimmed.

In underpowered ­conditions, we are usually trying to have the upper and lower luff telltales break evenly, indicating that the wind is hitting the whole luff at an even angle for max efficiency. Use jib-lead adjustments and jib-sheet changes to achieve this.

In overpowered conditions, we need to twist the jib to reduce heeling moment, so the inside upper telltales will not be flowing. This is OK. However, the leech telltales should never be stalled for more than a short time. Keep them flowing at least 80 percent of the time, even when underpowered. If they stall, you need to ease the jib sheet or move the lead aft to open the upper leech and ­re-create flow.

Once the jib is set up ­correctly, we use the steering telltales to keep the jib (boat) at the right angle to the wind. As a basic guide, we want both windward and leeward telltales flowing straight aft in lighter wind, or when there are waves. In stronger wind, and especially flat water, we can sometimes be inside the windward telltale, but never stall the leeward side for more than a second or two.

There are some subtleties in reading the telltales. “Full flow” is when both windward and leeward yarns are flowing straight back. This will provide maximum efficiency when underpowered. “Telltales dancing” means the yarn is flickering or streaming up slightly. Having the windward steering telltales dancing can be good, especially when overpowered. “Telltales stalled” is when the telltale is streaming the wrong way, a definite no-no for the ­leeward telltales.

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Most contemporary one-designs are based on the principle of all boats coming from a parent set of hull and deck molds, which means the boats we sail today have exactly the same basic deck layout as when they were first built. Class rules usually dictate that the molded shape can’t be altered once the boat is constructed. Yet, hardware placement and rigging systems still evolve, sometimes over decades, and we end up with boats that are easier to sail and almost always faster. One such class is the Etchells, which has been around since the 1960s. From the beginning, it has seen development of ideas and marginal gains in performance, within the class rules. The tinkering nature of the class has often resulted a circular nature of ideas and development, where nothing is really new, but it can pay to revisit ideas long past, as what was tried and discarded years ago may work really well today, especially when done in conjunction with advancements in materials and hardware.

One area of significant development over recent years in the Etchells class has been the narrowing of the jib-sheeting angle. Historically, jib tracks were placed on the side deck, just outside the cuddy (the small raised coach-roof area). This set the sheeting angle at around 10.5 degrees. Over the years, and going back to the origins of the class, various great sailors (including some serious testing by Dennis Conner in the early 1990s) tried narrowing the sheeting angle, with mixed success and uncertainty that such tight angles were actually faster. However, we now know that sailing with narrower jib sheeting angles is quite a weapon, particularly in light to moderate winds and in relatively flat water. Why now and not then? It’s a combination of factors.

First is balance. The trend today is to set the mainsail up with less drag—trimmed flatter and firmer. Secondly, jibs are now being designed with narrower sheeting angles in mind. Notably, they are slightly straighter in the aft sections. In other words, they have “less return.” Thirdly, boats are now stiffer, as are masts, giving more control over headstay tension and thus jib shape.

Two recent performance gains have been the domination by Peter Duncan’s team (which included Jud Smith) in the Etchells Miami Winter series of 2013-’14 and the domination of the 2019 Etchells World Championship in Texas, the winning team led by the talented Iain Murray. Duncan’s team fitted a jib track to the top of their boat’s cuddy, set at approximately 8.5 degrees. That winter series saw many race days in 10-knots of true windspeed, or “full-power” conditions. The two Australian teams had a block-and-tackle inhauler system and were regularly sheeting to 7.5 degrees, complemented with a very firm and flat mainsail, and the traveler set relatively high.

Having always been drawn to deck-layout solutions, I started experimenting with how best to sheet an Etchells jib narrower. One challenge was that the class rules do not allow altering the molded surface, which includes the cuddy. So simply chopping part of the cuddy away (as seen on all sorts of grand-prix race boats) isn’t an option. Another factor is that nobody wants to freely give away sail area. So, in order to sheet the jib properly on top of the cuddy, raising the jib clew would be the last option to consider.

Initially, in 2014, we employed a deflection system, whereby a strop was connected to the jib sheets, dragging the sheets toward the boats’ centerline. Simple, but effective. However, as the angles got narrower, there was too much friction for this solution to be practical.

In 2018, we simply placed thru-deck bushes where we thought the narrowest sheeting angle would be (8 degrees) and had a simple low-friction ring connected to a below-deck purchase to control the up-down lead angle. This was great when in favorable narrow-sheeting conditions, but as the breeze built and sea-state increased, it is faster to be out to the traditional, or wider, sheeting angle. So, we installed another similar system at approximately 11 degrees, allowing us to sheet to the widest angle in 20-plus knots of true-wind speed. But in medium winds, we needed to sheet between the two extremes, which put a massive load on the system, as we were triangulating between the inhaul and outhaul system in order to get the jib lead down to the cuddy top.

Apart from the loads and friction, this system required a highly skilled jib trimmer and risked a brief performance loss if controls were not managed accurately. For instance, if you wanted to mode the boat faster, meaning you needed to widen the main’s and the jib’s angle of attack, the trimmer had to ease the inboard control before pulling the outboard control. This resulted in the jib lead rising, in turn causing the jib to lose its shape and twist profile, and the boat fell out of balance. Every time you made a change, you had to accept an initial performance loss.

During the winter series of 2019-’20, with the limitations of the double-bush system in mind, I fitted an athwartships track and car system on the cuddy top and bridged it out onto the side-deck. The idea was to maintain the ability to sheet wide in fresh conditions. This system immediately revealed several advantages, most notably the ability to achieve consistency in sheeting angle and vertical lead height. It gave us simple and accurate jib trimming, which meant less experienced jib trimmers could accurately work the system and, of course, it allowed eyes and minds to remain outside of the boat. Only two problems remained: The assembly looked appropriate for a tractor than on a sleek Etchells deck. Also, more geometric testing needed to be done to prevent jib camber and twist from changing across the entire length of the track.

The best way to place an athwartships jib track is for it to be radially equidistant from both the tack and the head of the jib, but given the Etchells’ cuddy profile, and the need for the outboard end of the track to extend out over the cuddy edge to the side deck, the same measurement from the head of the jib to the outboard end of the track would mean the outboard end of the track would be 6.5 inches above the deck! Clearly this would not pass aesthetic muster. Plus, it would be a major trip hazard for the foredeck crew and have significant windage implications.

I therefore placed the track aesthetically and equal-distant to the forestay only. I then collaborated with the UK Etchells builder David Heritage to custom-make a mounting for the outboard end of the track that would not detract too much from the traditional look of the boat. Over several weeks we tried three variations, finally settling on a shape that blended in well with the deck. It was also structurally reliable and simple for owners to retrofit. Whether we achieved a decent aesthetic result is in the eye of the beholder, but knowing the advantages it offers, I am OK with it. We customized a Harken car to get the jib lead height as low as possible to the deck, discarding the bale supplied, and rounding the hard corners of the car to prevent our highly loaded up-down strop from chafing and breaking.

Next came the geometry, knowing we had given away the equidistant measurement to the head of the jib for the sake of styling, windage and safety. As a result, the distance from the outboard end of the track to the head of the jib is about three inches longer than to the inboard end of the track. This would result in the jib leech rapidly tightening for every move outboard. The ideal solution lay in the athwartships position of the jib lead’s up-down control—which was positioned forward—and the lateral location of the jib-sheet control blocks on the aft side of the track. Essentially, the placement of hardware needed to “give back” some (but not all) of the vertical difference on the jib track. I say “not all” because, as the lead rises, the force of the jib sheet also pushes it aft, just like moving the car aft on a traditional fore-aft track.

This could only be resolved by testing. So when UK COVID restrictions were eased in May, allowing us back on the water, I was out there with friends, honing in on the correct hardware positions. I’d love to report that I nailed it first time. Close, but it took a few holes in the deck, fine-tuning of control systems and hours sailing to achieve the “same camber and twist for the length of the track” goal. The best outcome of the new system is making it easier for any level of crew to achieve consistency in jib trimming at tighter sheeting angles and a higher level of performance in a class that has been around for more than a half century.

The post A Sheeting-Angle Solution appeared first on Sailing World.

Fall is the time for the big championships when the season’s work, practice and racing are on the line, put up or shut up. If you’re confident of winning your class title because you know your boat is going as fast as it can ever be made to go, then stop reading here and go out and win. But if you think there is something a little bit wrong — that you seem to be going at times and not at other times — then maybe a few tuning tips will lead you to more consistent performance. And, of course, it’s consistency that wins in series racing.

Frequently in One-Design & Offshore Yachtsman we talk about the major “go-fast” factors of sails and specialized gear. But you shouldn’t be thinking of big changes now. A common mistake is to install new and complicated gear right before a major regatta. This serves only to take up time that might have been spent practicing and to distract you with something in which you can’t have complete confidence.

When it comes to simple adjustments, the word “tuning” is virtually synonymous with the word “balance.” What you are trying to do after all your money is spent and all the gear is aboard and you have the best sails you can afford…what you are trying to do then is make the boat balance properly.

Unless it’s a very peculiar boat it will not go well until it feels like it’s going. When going to windward you should have a light weather helm. The helm should be measured by tiller angle, not by pressure. If the tiller has an angle of three to five degrees to the centerline when the boat is upright, then your helm is right. Pressure on the tiller can depend on the shape and size of rudder and is therefore not an accurate way to determine helm. However, it’s fair to say that if pressure on the tiller is extreme then either the boat does in fact have a lot of helm, or the rudder shape is very bad. Assuming good rudder shape (fairly vertical; not sticking too far out astern) there should be light pressure on the tiller to go along with the three to five degrees of helm.

If your boat does not have the desired helm — if it has no helm, lee helm or too much weather helm — here are a few ways proper balance may be achieved without the designer going back to the drawing board:

1. If you have a high-aspect (deep and narrow) centerboard, the angle at which it is carried will make a big difference in helm. If you have neutral or lee helm put the board down further (so it is further forward below water) thus moving your center of lateral resistance forward. Conversely, if you have too much weather helm, pull the board up slightly, which moves the area (and therefore the boat’s CLR) aft.
2. In many classes, the mast can be moved fore and aft. This can even be done under sail in some classes. If you have too much weather helm, move the mast forward an inch or two, not just at the base, but all the way up. This will move the center of effort forward and reduce helm. If lee helm is your problem, then the mast should go aft.
3. In some classes the jib tack can be moved fore and aft. Move it forward if you have too much weather helm, aft if you have lee helm.
4. If the mainsail draft is too far aft it will cause a tight leech, which will induce weather helm. You may ease the leech by tightening the Cunningham hole, or by easing the sheet and moving the traveler slightly to windward. This will put more twist in the sail, easing the leech at the top and reducing helm; but you should first try easing the leech with Cunningham control. Any time you put tension on the side of a sail you move the draft toward that side. Any boat will tend to develop weather helm as the wind rises, so the traveler should be eased to leeward as the wind comes up to help control helm and to make the boat easier to keep upright.
5. Most important (and closely related to the point above) all small boats (and most big ones) should be sailed as upright as possible except in the very lightest of winds. Any boat which uses human ballast should be sailed absolutely upright. This prevents excessive weather helm, gives the boat its most efficient shape, presents the centerboard and rudder to the water in their most efficient form and the sails to the wind in their most efficient form.

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From where Dan Morris ­usually stands on board American Magic’s 75-foot ­foiling America’s Cup yacht, the view is pretty spectacular. It’s a perspective only a handful of humans will ever experience. It’s wet and windy, and it’s Zen-like when the boat soars at 40 knots. As the portside headsail trimmer, Morris has the luxury of full visibility of his towering sail. He can see up the leech and across the acreage of black cloth, its dozens of yarns flickering and painting a picture of the wind as it streams across both sides of the sail and exits with full force in his face. He can observe the leeward side of the twin-skinned mainsail as well, plus the big grinder in front of him, relentlessly pumping hydraulic oil so he can make microadjustments at will. This is life in the slot for Morris, and life is good when all senses are being bombarded.

Sights in the Slot

I’m on the port forward ­pedestal, facing forward, so I can see what’s coming on the water from only about 30 seconds out. I can’t see what’s coming at 10 seconds. Because I’m trimming on the leeward side, I can see the jib really well, but with all the end-plating we do on the mainsail, I can’t see the windward side at all. I can see way out in front of me, but I can’t see the gust that’s going to hit in three seconds. It’s quite different from a normal boat in that way.

On starboard tack, I’m in this deep chasm of a cockpit—up to my shoulders more or less. The wind rushes through the slot, and there’s so much wind in my face that my eyes are always watering. I don’t wear sunglasses when I sail because they change the way I see the breeze and the sails, so I’m always squinting as hard as I can to keep them from ­watering too much.

One of the coolest things about being on the leeward side trimming the sail is there’s never that mental trade-off of “should I be hiking or trimming the sail perfectly?” like I would on normal boat. I always have sight of my sails, something I never get on most boats.

When I look to leeward, all I see is a massive plume of spray coming off the foil. That’s when I realize how fast we are going. I’m looking at our targets on the display, and trim to them most of the time—unless we are in a different mode for tactical reasons. I’m looking at the leech, the entry of the sail, and trying to balance the power from top to bottom.

If we want to go fast, we need a flatter, more twisted sail. If we want to go high mode, we want a deeper sail, so I have to balance the power across the whole sail. That’s the coolest thing about these boats: I can see the entire sail and make continual adjustments. When I sail a conventional boat, I can get only a snapshot of the sail profile when I go to leeward, and then go hike and try to know what the sail looks like from the leeward side. On the AC75, trim is instantaneous; I can make any adjustment I need at any time. I never have to decide whether it’s worth leaving the rail to make an adjustment. It’s always worth the adjustment.

When I’m on the weather side, on the opposite tack, I’m grinding more, but I get to have a look out of the boat and see the breeze; that’s when I can sort of calibrate myself. I have a better look at what the main trimmer and driver can see with the mainsail; I can see the wind, see how the boat is reacting, and link these mental images together when I’m back on the other tack.

The other part of my sight is that I have this massive human in front of me pumping away, and he can block my view sometimes, so I have to look around him as well. Also, the mainsail is big and always moving, and it can block my view of other things. That’s the big trade-off: I can see my sail, but I can never see upwind of what I’m ­trimming to.

The Sounds of Efficiency

When I’m on the leeward side and trimming, I can’t hear anything that anyone says on the boat. Ever. Terry (Hutchinson) is right behind me, and he and Dean (Barker, helmsman) and Paul (Goodison, mainsail trimmer) all have comms, and they can speak into their microphones. The rest of us have earpieces, but there’s so much wind going over my face and past my ears that a lot of what I hear is like having my head out the car window on a freeway.

I feel changes to the boat, for sure—with my entire body—and in my position, I really have to anticipate. If I know it’s going to be shifty and we just got into a puff, I know we’re probably going to be going into a lull pretty soon, so I’m planning for what my next move is going to be and what needs to happen in what order. It’s not quite the same as visual anticipation, but it links into the hearing part of sailing the boat in that any verbal cue I get off Dean or Goodie saying, for example, “The breeze is building” or “Shot coming,” I can be ready for it. On regular boats, the trimmer is usually calling the breeze back to the driver, but with this, it’s opposite. Dean calls out what he sees in the breeze, and that’s a call to me to be prepared to make an adjustment to match what he’s going to do with the wheel and what Goodie is going to do with the mainsail.

Going into a tack, I hear the calls coming from Dean—always super calm and neutral. It’s a steady, “Set up tack, and then 3…2…1….” The cadence from Dean is always the same. He’s soft-spoken, so I always have to be searching for it. Then I go straight to my processes. Once the boat starts to turn and we start to slow down a bit, some of the wind noise goes away. The foils get a bit quieter, then the traveler car and sails cross the boat, and that’s quite noisy. When the mainsail pops, ­everyone knows it. It’s a big mainsail with two skins and twice the sets of battens popping. As we build speed again, all the other noises come back. Hopefully the foils are not making too much noise, but sometimes they do, and that’s just water over the trailing edge, just like the hum on a 420 ­centerboard on a windy reach.

In and out of any maneuver, we’ve got the guys pumping a lot of oil to get the boat settled. Imagine coming out of a maneuver on any big boat; there’s a lot going on with sails being eased and retrimmed or flattened and deepened, and that takes energy, so everyone is just hammering away at the handles. I hear the grunts of the big dudes as they’re putting in massive effort. The electric pumps for the foils are whining away, like they do on a canting-keel boat. Then it gets quiets right out the maneuver, and I just hear the wind rushing over my ears and the comms from Dean and Goodie about what we’re going into next.

The Feel of Fast

The AC75 feels like a big Airbus jumbo jet. Everything is so big and loaded. It’s not the same as with a Moth, which is loose and fast; this thing is very locked-in and smooth. It’s a giant piece of machinery, which makes it feel slower, but the speeds are really high. And even though it is this big locked-in thing, when we go through gusts and lulls and have big changes in lift on the foils, the speed changes fast, so the boat can get loose sometimes. If it does, my feet are trying to hold onto the deck as best I can, which sounds silly, but I’m always trying to stay connected to the boat. If I don’t, I get tossed around a bit. It’s like standing in the back of a pickup truck doing doughnuts in a parking lot. My hands are either on the handles or on the sheet so I have something to hold onto, but when we bear away, it’s full-on G-forces, so I have to brace myself against something. One thing for sure is it brings real fatigue into my lower body from stabilizing myself all day.

When I’m trimming, the sheet is pretty loaded and I have to be accurate with every adjustment, so I really have to have a firm hand on the sheet so I never accidentally overease it. The jib is very high-aspect, so a small ease on the sheet does a lot to the shape of the sail, top to bottom.

When we take off, I get a good hosing from the foil arm. It’s worse for the guys on the windward side. Water comes at me with pretty good force when we’re going that fast, so it’s cold. Usually it’s really cold at the beginning of the day, but once I’m warmed up, it’s not a big deal. The wettest part is takeoff because the whole boat is in displacement mode and both foils arms are submerged, but once we’re up on the foil and in the air, it’s pretty dry.

The Smells and Tastes of Team Effort

I sail with Luke (Payne) ­opposite me on the pedestal. He’s one of my best friends and an awesome guy to sail with, and yes, he’s got proper odor. We used to sail against each other in the match racing and he had the same scent, but it’s a very comfortable scent to me to go racing. Other than that, it’s hard to smell anything on the boat because your nose gets really dried out because of the wind flow. But the one defining smell of this campaign, for real, is the smell of good, hot coffee. We are now in the land of coffee. New Zealand has some of the best coffee in the world, and I guess that’s because they love it so much. All the boys in the boat love coffee. I suppose we all drink a bit too much, but there’s a camaraderie to it as well. You have your best meetings when you have a coffee together. (Team testing manager) Anderson Reggio is also a coffee lover. He has a little 12-volt espresso maker that he brings out with him on the chase boat. He’s an analytics guy, so he likes it right. He’ll have his espresso that he makes midday, and if I’m lucky, I might get one off him. I’d be in favor of having a proper espresso set up on the chase boat. If I were at the top and in a position to make big team decisions, that would be the first thing I would do.

RELATED: Weighing In On The AC75

There’s also the smell of the base in the morning. It’s the smell of work. These boats are heavily reliant on hydraulics, so the smell of the oil is always there. That’s the first scent that hits me when I come into the base. After that, I check my gear in the container with the drying room and make sure my personal kit is ready for the day. As you can imagine, there’s a pretty foul smell in there with 20 guys’ gear and wetsuits hanging in here. We have long days on the water, and you just rinse it and hang it up; it’s close to the smell of a hockey locker room.

Then, it’s breakfast. We’re lucky to have good teammates sort out our food, always making sure we have nutritious food, and that we get our bacon. I love the smell of warm breakfast, especially when I don’t have to make it myself.

On the water, once you get out and away from the city, the air is definitely fresh and clean, especially when the breeze is coming off the ocean—that’s always a treat.

The Sense of Space

As high-tech and wired as the boat is, there is a definite seat-of-your-pants element to it as well. We’re not sitting, per se, but I definitely feel all the subtle motions of the boat. I have the performance numbers in front of me all the time, but they’re more of a report card of how we did in the last second or two; they don’t tell us how we’re doing in that instant. Feel is different for everyone, so it’s a hard one to describe. When you take off enough times, you get a feel for ­anticipating what the boat will do next and what it needs in order to do that.

Like any boat, flat is fast, and whatever the perfect heel angle might be, we have to stick to it. Heel angle is huge, and that’s one we can get from sight, especially for the guys looking aft; they’ll be looking at the horizon across the transom. But I also get that heel sensation through my feet; I can instantly feel changes to heel angle before I see it.

When the windward foil gets dropped, that’s essentially the start of the turn, and everything is focused on how that foil responds to the water. If it connects well and everything goes right, it’s very fluid. That’s all on (flight controller) Andrew Campbell. I don’t envy his job at all and don’t want anything to do with it—ever. He has to get it right. If just one little thing goes wrong when the foil goes into the water, it has a huge effect for a bit after the maneuver. If it enters well, the attitude and feel of the boat don’t change at all. It feels seamless. The heel angle is consistent, and we exit not much slower than when we started the turn. It’s magical when it happens. If it doesn’t go in perfectly, it throws off the way the boat feels and the way it reacts to everything else. In that case, everything needs to get readjusted; everything on the boat is moving, the rate of turn is changing, and you’re slower out of the maneuver. It’s a huge effort to get back up to speed. We’re still foiling and going fast, but everything is unsettled, and it’s a big job to lock it all in again.

I’m also feeling the pitch of the boat; the bow up-down trim is huge. The foils have a big effect on that, but so do the sails. As much as I’m feeling the heel angle and using that to judge how to balance the power in the sails, I’m also thinking about how my sail trim affects the pitch. The 75s being so big, the boat is quite steady when we dial in the pitch.

The post The Sensory Overload of an America’s Cup Trimmer appeared first on Sailing World.

Non-spinnaker divisions in distance races and jib-and-main evening races represent a growing segment of sailing. Sailors enjoy the simplicity of jib-and-main racing because it doesn’t require a big crew or a lot of expensive gear. There are more and more races that now include non-spinnaker divisions so that a broader range of sailors (and a bigger fleet) can compete. Obviously, this breeds a whole new set of performance questions for getting downwind. A boat sailed correctly can make huge gains in a short time — the kind of situation we all daydream about — so it’s really worth working on.

As most boats turn downwind, past the tight-reaching angles and into the broad reach and running apparent-wind angles, a tremendous loss of power is felt. What’s happening, aside from an associated drop in apparent windspeed, is that the wind flow across the main and jib does not stay attached as far aft, leaving the sails stalled. The boat is meant to be using a spinnaker.

But with jibs and genoas only, you’re stuck. You can try to keep the telltales flowing by moving the leads forward as you sail a broader angle, but eventually the sail gets too round and much of it stalls. Circulation around the main is better because you can use the vang to maintain shape, but the main alone won’t give you the speed you need. Also, as you ease the main it steals the wind from the genoa, and the genoa leech gets too close to the main and slows the airflow there. This is not a fast situation!

The Mighty Whisker Pole

Enter the whisker pole. Cruisers and passage makers have long known the value of sailing wing-and-wing and have learned to appreciate the stability of using a pole to keep the jib to windward. Likewise, Snipes and other dinghy classes hold the jib clew out to windward on a pole in lieu of adding spinnakers to their class-prescribed sail arsenal.

You’ll often find your jib wanting to cross over to windward on its own when you’re running. Letting it cross over, in fact, forcing it there, is a lot faster if done properly. When you put your jib or genoa on a pole out to windward, you reverse airflow across it and expose it to air that is undisturbed by the main. By pulling the pole aft you can get the sail into a flatter configuration with normal airflow over both sides along most of the sail. This gives the sail power again and your boatspeed will jump up.

On larger boats, a spinnaker pole will work in this situation, but an adjustable whisker pole is better as its length can be adapted for different wind angles and different-sized sails. Most fleets allow whisker poles to be extended to at least the length of the boat’s J dimension (from the front of the mast to the bow), but you should check the rules for your local fleet. Some fleets allow poles as long as 1.5 times J — a big advantage on a tighter reach, especially if you have an overlapping headsail.

The idea here is to set the sail with proper power (the right amount of depth), and trim it aft until the leech curls back toward the boat. At this point, just as with proper spinnaker trim, you’re getting the most lift and the best speed out of the sail.

This isn’t startling to most readers, but you might run into problems deciding when to pull the headsail over to windward, and knowing exactly how to set it up when it gets there. To make these decisions simpler, let’s first look at how the boat feels when it needs the boost of sailing wing-and-wing.

The first clue that the sail needs wind is when the headsail sheets go limp, meaning the airflow has been greatly reduced and the sail isn’t generating any power. To get more power, you can head up, refilling the sail with wind and building speed, or wing the headsail out to windward on the pole if staying low is necessary to get to the mark. There’s usually an overlap of angles where the jib can work on either side, and you don’t have to wait until the genoa sheet is hanging in the water to know that it’s time to pole out the jib.

When the jib is out on the whisker pole, it’s generally more efficient than when it’s trimmed to leeward, so your tendency should be to get it out there right away. But to be safe and also to keep your tactical options open (it’s tough to luff another boat when you have your jib on a pole to windward), you need to be sure there’s a real opportunity for improvement before going for the pole.

Sailing by the Numbers

Take a look at the accompanying chart. You can develop some general strategic assumptions from this information: When it’s windy and the boat is traveling at close to hull speed, struggling to set the genoa to windward probably won’t help you until you’re way off the wind, say 150 degrees apparent. When it’s really choppy and rough, you should probably postpone setting the pole a little longer too, as it would be hard to keep the sail from collapsing as your boat rolls around in the waves. In lighter winds, getting the genoa across when the wind is 90 degrees apparent (if you have a long enough pole), and aft of that, will help keep your boatspeed up.

The key to making the decision to wing the jib is to know what your speed should be. Every boat has an optimum speed for every point of sail. Velocity prediction programs generate polar diagrams for your boat that will show you how fast you should be going at given angles to the wind and windspeeds. These charts are quite common, and are available through the designer or manufacturer of your boat, or through US SAILING.

If you really want to max out your off-wind speed, a practice session with polar information in hand and a few quick tests at different apparent-wind angles with and without the headsail to windward should give you some hard data to work with in future races. Cruising-canvas polars don’t automatically assume you ‘II be using a whisker pole at the broader angles, so through a little experimentation you can develop your own quick-reference chart and keep it on deck to help take the guesswork out of when to set the pole, and how fast you should be going. If you can show in practice that you can get closer to your target speeds with the pole out at a particular wind angle, your team can be ready to set the pole when you reach that angle in the next race.

Setting the Pole

You should also practice how to use the whisker pole. I believe the best whisker poles are the infinitely adjustable ones, as opposed to those with pins and stops that set the length. Being able to change the length of the pole with an internal purchase system makes it easier to adjust the sail for any wind angle.

During practice, the pole needs to be marked for two lengths that fall within the rules for your fleet: Longer for close reaching, shorter for broad reaches and runs. When you decide to pull the sail across to windward, put the lazy (windward) headsail sheet into the outboard jaw, then extend the pole, and attach it to the mast. Have the helmsman steer low for a short time to relieve some of the pressure on the sail, then ease the leeward sheet, and trim in the windward one.

A word of warning: With the sail out to windward, terrific pressure can be developed on the pole in strong winds or if sailing close-wind angles. Some whisker poles aren’t built to withstand the pressure that a reaching course in strong winds can place on them, and could break or jump off the mast causing damage or injury. If it’s that windy, it would be just as fast to have the headsail trimmed to leeward anyway, so be smart and avoid situations that will put your pole under these loads.

On broader angles, as you trim the pole back it will tend to lift up as the sail fills. Then it will want to bounce up and down in puffs and as the boat goes over waves. A quick fix for this, which is especially nice on boats with limited hardware, is to loop the leeward sheet around the front side of the bow cleat. When you’ve brought the pole back to the position you like, tighten up the leeward sheet and use it as a downhaul. Of course, if you’re on a long leg and have the proper equipment, a real foreguy should be rigged. But this technique is great for short courses.

Keeping the pole at the right height is a must for good boatspeed. It should be low enough to keep the top leech from twisting off around the headstay, but high enough to give the leech some “give,” allowing it to curl before collapsing. Different windspeeds, wave conditions, and sailing angles will require varying pole heights. If you’re using a spinnaker pole as a whisker pole, you’ll probably find the topping lift and foreguy useful for controlling pole heights, especially on larger boats (over 35 or 40 feet). Big boats with larger, heavier whisker poles will benefit from a topping lift as well.

When the pole is out, there should be constant dialogue between the driver and trimmers about changes in course, wind direction, and velocity. When the boat is turned, the sail must be adjusted. When there is a windshift, the trimmer must respond. Just like a spinnaker, the jib out to windward must be constantly tended. The trimmer should watch the leech of the jib, and keep an occasional curl which shows the sail is working best.

As far as sail selection goes, most boats will simply wing out the sail they’re using for the upwind leg. If it’s windy and you’re racing upwind with a small headsail, like a No. 3 jib, you could conceivably change to a larger genoa that will give you more sail area off the wind for a long leg. However, if the downwind leg is short and you have a small crew, it’s probably more efficient to stick with your upwind headsail and avoid the complicated sail handling. Again, work on these decisions in your practice sessions and your choices will be clearer during the race.

Jibing and Stowing the Pole

Depending on the length and type of pole you’re using, it’s usually not possible to do end-for-end jibes. On most boats, the pole will have to come off the mast and the forward end is passed through the foretriangle. To do this, the bowman, trimmer, and driver need to work together.

First, ease the foreguy or release the lazy sheet from the bow cleat. Next, as the boat is turned into the jibe, the pole should come off the mast, and be pulled back along the lee­ward side of the boat, probably between the shrouds and the mast. If one person has to do all the work on the bow, he’ll have to place the pole on the deck and switch the sheet in the outboard end. Another crewmember holding the pole can help; but you can also have a loop in the clew of the sail that the pole always stays hooked to, which will make things go a lot faster.

When the sail is clipped to the pole on the new side, the pole should be pushed out and attached to the mast. Trim the sheet in a bit and then jibe the main. With this technique, the jib is full right away after the jibe, stabilizing the boat. If you jibe the main first, the jib won’t come across as easily and the pole will be a bear to get over to the new side. Once the jibe is completed, reset the foreguy or leeward sheet and you’re off!

When it comes time to drop the pole and head upwind, the whole team needs to work together to help the bowman. First, ease the foreguy (or take the leeward sheet off the bow cleat), and tum the boat down slightly as you did on the initial set. This allows the bowman to get the pole off the mast without a lot of pressure on it. Bring the pole back along the leeward side and detach it from the clew of the jib.

Make sure the pole is under the jib sheets so you can tack, then shorten and stow the pole.

The trimmer should not let the sail cross to the leeward side until the pole is off the clew so the bowman doesn’t get tangled, and the helmsman should avoid the temptation to head up until the pole is released and on the deck. Like any racing maneuver, following these steps gets the job done well. Rushing things can really screw it up! When planning for a leeward-mark rounding, remember it’s usually better to stow the pole too early and be ready for the next leg than to risk a bad rounding by pushing things to the last second.

The whisker pole can make a huge difference in getting downwind under main and genoa. For new sailors, learning to fly the jib on the windward side is a great stepping stone to using spinnakers. For seasoned sailors racing shorthanded in non-spinnaker races, it’s another challenge and a tool you can use to work the boat to its best potential.

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